碳(tan)纖維(wei)介紹(shao)及(ji)組(zu)成結(jie)構
碳纖維(wei)介紹(shao):
碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(carbon fiber,簡(jian)稱(cheng)CF),是一(yi)種含(han)碳(tan)量(liang)在(zai)95%以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)強(qiang)度、高(gao)模量(liang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)材(cai)(cai)料。它是由(you)片狀石(shi)墨(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)等有(you)機纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)沿纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)軸向(xiang)方向(xiang)堆砌(qi)而(er)成(cheng),經碳(tan)化及(ji)石(shi)墨(mo)化處(chu)理而(er)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)晶(jing)石(shi)墨(mo)材(cai)(cai)料。碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)"外柔內(nei)剛",質量(liang)比金屬鋁輕(qing),但(dan)強(qiang)度卻高(gao)于鋼鐵,并且具(ju)有(you)耐腐蝕、高(gao)模量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing),在(zai)國防軍工和(he)民用方面都(dou)是重要材(cai)(cai)料。它不僅具(ju)有(you)碳(tan)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)本(ben)征特性(xing),又兼備紡織纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟可加(jia)工性(xing),是新一(yi)代增(zeng)強(qiang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)。
碳纖(xian)維具(ju)有許多優良性(xing)能,碳纖(xian)維的(de)軸向(xiang)強度和模量高,密度低、比性(xing)能高,無蠕(ru)變,非(fei)氧化環境下耐(nai)超高溫(wen),耐(nai)疲(pi)勞性(xing)好(hao),比熱及導(dao)電性(xing)介于(yu)非(fei)金屬(shu)和金屬(shu)之間,熱膨脹系數小(xiao)且具(ju)有各向(xiang)異性(xing),耐(nai)腐蝕性(xing)好(hao),X射線透過(guo)性(xing)好(hao)。良好(hao)的(de)導(dao)電導(dao)熱性(xing)能、電磁屏蔽性(xing)好(hao)等。
碳纖(xian)維(wei)與傳統的玻璃纖(xian)維(wei)相(xiang)比,楊氏(shi)模量(liang)是其(qi)3倍多;它與凱夫拉纖(xian)維(wei)相(xiang)比,楊氏(shi)模量(liang)是其(qi)2倍左右(you),在有機溶(rong)劑、酸、堿中不溶(rong)不脹(zhang),耐蝕性(xing)突出。
碳纖維組成結構:
碳(tan)(tan)纖維是(shi)含(han)碳(tan)(tan)量(liang)高于90%的(de)(de)無機高分子纖維。其中含(han)碳(tan)(tan)量(liang)高于99%的(de)(de)稱石(shi)(shi)墨纖維。碳(tan)(tan)纖維的(de)(de)微觀結(jie)構類(lei)似(si)人(ren)造石(shi)(shi)墨,是(shi)亂層石(shi)(shi)墨結(jie)構。碳(tan)(tan)纖維各(ge)層面(mian)間(jian)的(de)(de)間(jian)距約為(wei)3.39到3.42A,各(ge)平行(xing)層面(mian)間(jian)的(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)碳(tan)(tan)原子,排(pai)列不如石(shi)(shi)墨那樣規整(zheng),層與層之間(jian)借范(fan)德華(hua)力連接在一起(qi)。
通(tong)常也把(ba)碳纖維(wei)(wei)的(de)結構(gou)看成由兩維(wei)(wei)有序的(de)結晶和(he)(he)孔洞組(zu)成,其中孔洞的(de)含量、大小和(he)(he)分布對碳纖維(wei)(wei)的(de)性能影(ying)響較大。
當(dang)(dang)孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)率(lv)低(di)于某個臨界(jie)值時,孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)率(lv)對碳纖(xian)維(wei)復合材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)剪(jian)切強度(du)(du)、彎曲強度(du)(du)和(he)拉伸強度(du)(du)無明顯的影響。有(you)些研(yan)究指(zhi)出,引起材料(liao)(liao)(liao)力學性能(neng)下降(jiang)(jiang)的臨界(jie)孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)率(lv)是1%-4%。孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)體積含(han)量在(zai)0-4%范(fan)圍(wei)內時,孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)體積含(han)量每增(zeng)加1%,層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)剪(jian)切強度(du)(du)大約(yue)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)7%。通過對碳纖(xian)維(wei)環氧樹脂和(he)碳纖(xian)維(wei)雙馬(ma)來亞胺樹脂層(ceng)(ceng)壓板的研(yan)究看(kan)出,當(dang)(dang)孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)率(lv)超(chao)過0.9%時,層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)剪(jian)切強度(du)(du)開(kai)始下降(jiang)(jiang)。由試驗得知,孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)主(zhu)要(yao)分布在(zai)纖(xian)維(wei)束之間(jian)(jian)和(he)層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)界(jie)面(mian)處。并(bing)且孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)含(han)量越高(gao),孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的尺寸越大,并(bing)顯著降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了層(ceng)(ceng)合板中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)界(jie)面(mian)的面(mian)積。當(dang)(dang)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)受力時,易沿(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)破壞(huai),這(zhe)也是層(ceng)(ceng)間(jian)(jian)剪(jian)切強度(du)(du)對孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)相對敏(min)感的原(yuan)因。另外孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)處是應力集中(zhong)區,承載能(neng)力弱,當(dang)(dang)受力時,孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)擴(kuo)大形成長裂紋(wen),從而遭(zao)到破壞(huai)。
即使兩種具(ju)有相同孔(kong)隙率的(de)(de)層(ceng)壓板(在同一養護周(zhou)期運(yun)用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)預浸方法和(he)(he)制造方式),它們也表(biao)現處完(wan)全不(bu)同的(de)(de)力學行為(wei)。力學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)隨孔(kong)隙率的(de)(de)增加而下降的(de)(de)具(ju)體數(shu)值不(bu)同,表(biao)現為(wei)孔(kong)隙率對力學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響離(li)散(san)性(xing)大且(qie)重(zhong)復(fu)性(xing)差(cha)。由(you)于包(bao)含(han)大量可(ke)變因(yin)素,孔(kong)隙對復(fu)合(he)材料層(ceng)壓板力學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響是個很(hen)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)問(wen)題。這些因(yin)素包(bao)含(han):孔(kong)隙的(de)(de)形狀、尺(chi)寸、位置;纖(xian)維、基體和(he)(he)界(jie)面的(de)(de)力學性(xing)能(neng)(neng);靜態或者動態的(de)(de)荷(he)載。
相對(dui)于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)隙率和(he)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)隙長寬比,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)隙尺寸、分布對(dui)力學性能(neng)的(de)影響更大(da)些。并發(fa)現大(da)的(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(面積>0.03mm2)對(dui)力學性能(neng)有不利影響,這歸因于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)隙對(dui)層間富膠區的(de)裂紋(wen)擴展的(de)產生影響。